Author(s):
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Despite its high prevalence in both children and adults, the exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying ADHD remain poorly understood. This article aims to review the current research on the neurobiological underpinnings of ADHD, focusing on structural and functional brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysfunctions, and genetic contributions. Imaging studies have highlighted differences in the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum of individuals with ADHD, suggesting that these brain regions are involved in attention regulation, impulsivity control, and motor activity. Furthermore, deficits in dopamine and norepinephrine systems are commonly observed in ADHD, contributing to the symptoms of the disorder. We also explore the role of genetic and environmental factors in the development of ADHD. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for improving diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for ADHD.
